學習雙語或多語, 除了旅遊方便, 看電影不用字幕, 也會讓腦的樣子及運作, 和只會單一語言的人的腦不同。 語言能力一般都從四方面來看: two active parts: speaking, writing two passive parts: listening, writing 根據學習語言的情境及如何習得, 可大致分為三大類: 1. a compound bilingual -developing two linguistic codes simultaneously, with a single set of concepts (例如,幼兒的語言學習) 2. a coordinate bilingual -working with two sets of concepts (例如,青少年在校、在家學習、使用不同語言) 3. subordinate bilinguals -learning a secondary language by filtering it through their primary language. (例如,成年人的學習模式) 這三大類型, 都可能精通英語, 儘管accent或pronunciation會有所不同, 一般人或許看不出他們學習的歷程。 但是現代brain imaging technology的技術, 已能讓神經語言學家觀察特定的語言學習如何影響雙語者的腦。 人類的腦, The left hemisphere is more dominant and analytical in logical processes, while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social ones, (though this is a matter of degree, not an absolute split) 因此有the critical period hypothesis。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis http://www.zwbk.org/MyLemmaShow.aspx?zh=zh-tw&lid=110252 如果這個假設為真, 孩童因為腦的發展具彈性, 能利用左右hemispheres習得語言, 成人則比較側化(lateralized), 通常是左邊。 因此可能造成以下的差異: *learning a language in childhood →may give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts. *people who learned a second language in adulthood →exhibit less emotional bias and a more rational approach when confronting problems in the second language than in their native one. 但是不管早或晚學雙語, 都會給大腦顯著的優勢, 例如, higher density of the grey matter (灰質)。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_matter 同時使用雙語, 多動腦, 可以使阿滋海默症或失智病延後5年發作。 雙語可以提升腦的認知能力, 已是普遍的認知, 但1960年代前因為具瑕疵的研究, 導致有學雙語會妨礙孩童腦的發展的錯誤說法。 學雙語, 對於the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(背外側前額)的發展有助益。 (the part of the brain that plays a large role in executive function, problem solving, switching between tasks, and focusing while filtering out irrelevant information) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex http://doc1856.blogspot.tw/2009/12/blog-post_19.html 影片對雙語學習做了結論: So, while bilingualism may not necessarily make you smarter, it does make your brain more healthy, complex and actively engaged。 也許有些人錯過孩童學習語言的關鍵期, 但是多學不同的語言, 總不嫌遲。 多學、多用不同語言, 是頭腦的健康操喔!
Dream big. Aim high. 《天地一沙鷗》(Jonathan Livingston Seagull)的故事, 很動人。 書中有很多激勵人心, 引發思考的話。 “Don’t believe what your eyes are telling you. All they show is limitation. Look with your understanding. Find out what you already know and you will see the way to fly.” 不要只相信眼前所見, 因為我們只看到限制, 用心來領悟、來探索, 用心與行動力來飛翔。 “You have the freedom to be yourself, your true self, here and now, and nothing can stand in your way".” 要走出自己的路, 要有自己的風格, 要真誠面對自己, 以堅強的意志力, 展翅飛向藍天裡。 “The gull sees farthest who flies highest.” 海鷗飛得越高, 看得越遠。 “Overcome space, and all we have left is Here. Overcome time, and all we have left is Now.” 超越障礙, 衝破難關, 人生新境, 自由美妙, 高飛在湛藍的天空裡。
我們的心, 要期盼, 要有新的視野。 在THE DAYILY GOD BOOK THROUGH THE BIBLE, 閱讀了以下的句子: There are tow kinds of people in the world, those who make things happen and those who watch things happen. 很多時候, 我們缺乏的是信心, 而不是能力; 缺乏是行動力, 而不是機會。 人生要有大的格局, 堅持與努力不懈, 才能成功達到目標。 深刻地記著在同一本書閱讀過的例子: 在華氏211度, 水夠熱可以用來沖泡咖啡, 但是如果再加熱1度, 就足可以成為火車的動力, 或推動蒸汽船。 小小的一度, 卻是差很大。 因此, 要祈求我們有多加一度的智慧 和行動力。 這將是成敗的關鍵之處(tipping point)。
A thrilling look at the first 21 days of a bee’s life
有關生態的演說, 近距離觀察蜜蜂, 對蜜蜂面臨的威脅, 提出看法, 目前正在設法解決的途徑, 其對人與蜜蜂的關係, 提出想法。 目前蜜蜂面臨的問題有pesticides、diseases和habitat loss。 但是目前其最大的威脅來自Varroa destructor(瓦蟎). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varroa_destructor http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%9E%A8 *...this pinhead-sized mite crawls onto young bees and sucks their blood. This eventually destroys a hive because it weakens the immune system of the bees, and it makes them more vulnerable to stress and disease. 在影片1'54"~2'58", 將21天的觀察蜜蜂成形的歷程, 及寄生蟲瓦蟎的侵入, 濃縮成60秒的剪輯。 一般養蜂者, 會使用農藥來解決瓦蟎的問題, 但這並不是長久之計。 因此, 目前的研究, 利用一些能自然抵禦瓦蟎的蜜蜂, 來培育mite-resistant bees, 並藉此控制蜜蜂的交配。 這樣培育出來的蜜蜂, 固然可以抗瓦蟎, 但有所得,也有所失: They succeeded in breeding mite-resistant bees, but in that process, those bees started to lose traits like their gentleness and their ability to store honey. 因此, 研究團隊和商業養蜂專家共同合作, 企盼能達到兩全其美的解決策略。 蜜蜂對農作物傳授花粉有其重要的角色: ...bees pollinate one third of our food crops. 關於蜜蜂的生長及困境, 要多了解, 找出解決策略, 將是重要的研究課題。
Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
這是一篇有關動物權的演講, Steven Wise, 數十年來, 為動物發聲, 不遺餘力, 已漸漸看見一些曙光。 他首先區別 legal things和legal persons。 legal things包含物品、nonhuman animals或甚至一些人類 legal persons指的是人類,但是也有例外,例如,美國的很多corporations, 也是legal persons。又如New Zealand的一些河流,也被承認為legal persons。 http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/are-you-a-legal-person-or-a-legal-thing/ 他指出兩者,在法律前的地位和保障全然不同。 So for centuries, there's been a great legal wall that separates legal things from legal persons. *legal things ...legal things are invisible to judges. They don't count in law. They don't have any legal rights. They don't have the capacity for legal rights. They are the slaves. *legal persons ...legal persons. Legal persons are very visible to judges. They count in law. They may have many rights. They have the capacity for an infinite number of rights. And they're the masters. 他也指出humans和 legal persons並非是同義字。 他舉出Somerset vs. Stewart案例, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart 講述一奴隸如何在多人聲援下, 由legal thing,穿越攻不可破的藩籬, 成為legal person, 終獲自由, 走出法庭。 這要感謝明智又有勇氣的法官Lord Mansfield, 他認定...slavery was so odious, 乃為法所不容。 Steven Wise和團隊目前致力於 the Nonhuman Rights Project。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonhuman_Rights_Project 他們的目標: ...To draw a line in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being like you're seeing behind me, that that's a violation of equality. 他們的第一個法律訴訟在New York提出, 他們選擇的原告是數隻chimpanzees。 原因為 ...the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they also resemble the kind that human beings have. 例如, *They were conscious. *They have some kind of moral capacity. *They are numerate. *They can engage in language. *They have culture. 等等研究結果證明chimpanzees有autonomy和self-determination, 以為其爭取自由。 這些為chimpanzees提出的訴訟還在進行, 他說這是 a long-term strategic litigation campaign. 他有信心。 他也引用Winston Churchill的話, 鼓舞自己: ...they're not the end, they're not even the beginning of the end, but they are perhaps the end of the beginning. 真是用一生捍衛動物權的人。
Tim Doner為polyglot, (a person who speaks, writes, or reads a number of languages.) 他在高中時代,就學了20種語言。 在影片中, 也展現了多聲帶。 他分享了他學習語言的歷程。 他指出 ...knowing a language is a lot more than knowing a couple of words out of a dictionary. 他用各種方式學語言, rap music grammar books watching TV shows 他也上傳他的多聲帶影片到YouTube, 引起很多迴響和交流。 I had a community of speakers to interact with and essentially had a teacher or conversation partners for any language that I wanted to do. 他也用Method of Loci(位置記憶法)。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_loci http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1305367/ 他和別人交談,交流,也使用新的語言技巧。 Getting exposure也是學習語言的不二法門之一。 他引用Nelson Mandela的話, 陳述他學習語言的動機: If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language that goes to his heart. 他指出語言和思想, 語言和文化都有其相關性。 語言打開文化的世界視野。 他也提醒想要學習語言的人, ...you can translate words easily but you can't quite translate meaning. 能把學習語言當興趣, 也學得有心得, 用對方式, 觸類旁通, 就能舉一反三, 越學越多。