學習雙語或多語, 除了旅遊方便, 看電影不用字幕, 也會讓腦的樣子及運作, 和只會單一語言的人的腦不同。 語言能力一般都從四方面來看: two active parts: speaking, writing two passive parts: listening, writing 根據學習語言的情境及如何習得, 可大致分為三大類: 1. a compound bilingual -developing two linguistic codes simultaneously, with a single set of concepts (例如,幼兒的語言學習) 2. a coordinate bilingual -working with two sets of concepts (例如,青少年在校、在家學習、使用不同語言) 3. subordinate bilinguals -learning a secondary language by filtering it through their primary language. (例如,成年人的學習模式) 這三大類型, 都可能精通英語, 儘管accent或pronunciation會有所不同, 一般人或許看不出他們學習的歷程。 但是現代brain imaging technology的技術, 已能讓神經語言學家觀察特定的語言學習如何影響雙語者的腦。 人類的腦, The left hemisphere is more dominant and analytical in logical processes, while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social ones, (though this is a matter of degree, not an absolute split) 因此有the critical period hypothesis。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_period_hypothesis http://www.zwbk.org/MyLemmaShow.aspx?zh=zh-tw&lid=110252 如果這個假設為真, 孩童因為腦的發展具彈性, 能利用左右hemispheres習得語言, 成人則比較側化(lateralized), 通常是左邊。 因此可能造成以下的差異: *learning a language in childhood →may give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts. *people who learned a second language in adulthood →exhibit less emotional bias and a more rational approach when confronting problems in the second language than in their native one. 但是不管早或晚學雙語, 都會給大腦顯著的優勢, 例如, higher density of the grey matter (灰質)。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_matter 同時使用雙語, 多動腦, 可以使阿滋海默症或失智病延後5年發作。 雙語可以提升腦的認知能力, 已是普遍的認知, 但1960年代前因為具瑕疵的研究, 導致有學雙語會妨礙孩童腦的發展的錯誤說法。 學雙語, 對於the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(背外側前額)的發展有助益。 (the part of the brain that plays a large role in executive function, problem solving, switching between tasks, and focusing while filtering out irrelevant information) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex http://doc1856.blogspot.tw/2009/12/blog-post_19.html 影片對雙語學習做了結論: So, while bilingualism may not necessarily make you smarter, it does make your brain more healthy, complex and actively engaged。 也許有些人錯過孩童學習語言的關鍵期, 但是多學不同的語言, 總不嫌遲。 多學、多用不同語言, 是頭腦的健康操喔!