Does grammar matter?
文法真的很重要嗎?
什麼是文法?
語言學家的觀點:
...grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together
to form phrases or clauses whether spoken or in writing.
世界上各語言各有其模式。
以英語和日語及其他語言做比較。
(...few of these so-called linguistic universals have been found.)
英語通常為主詞+動詞+受詞。
日語及其他語言則為主詞+受詞+動詞。
描述語言的模式,主要有兩種:
prescriptivism (規約論)和descriptivism (描述論)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_description
簡單的區分為
Prescriptivists think a given language should follow consistent rules.
Descriptivists see variation and adaptation as a natural and necessary part of language.
規約論制定標準形式,有一套詳細的文法規則,運用於寫作,
也運用於口說英語。
但是寫作和口說其實很不同。
口說自有其一套規則及模式,
例如,人們講話時,會用情緒和聲調來表達不同的意思,
所使用的結構也比較有彈性,
使用的句子結構也會避免太複雜等等,
描述論因而因應而生。
影片中也道出兩者的差異處:
Rather than deciding how language should be used, it
(=descriptivism) describes how people actually use it (=the language), and tracks the innovations they come up with in the process.
但是規約論和描述論其實並不是完全排斥的。
規約論應用於正式寫作,有助於不同背景的非母語人士間的溝通。
描述論則是讓我們透視心智如何運用語言,人類如何用本能建構以表達對世界的看法。
影片最後,
再為文法下一次定義:
Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set of linguistic habits
that are constantly being negotiated and reinvented by the entire group of language users.
2017年3月6日 星期一
The 100 Simple Secrets of Happy People
The 100 Simple Secrets of Happy People
快樂之道,
在於心念,
在於實踐,
人生之樂,
心滿意足。
2017年3月5日 星期日
TED_661_680
詹麗馨的TED摘記_661_680
TED_661_A hilarious celebration of lifelong female friendship
TED_662_The surprising habits of original thinkers
TED_663_What really happens when you mix medications?
TED_664_The Chinese Zodiac, Explained
TED_665_Wisdom from great writers on every year of life
TED_666_The beauty of human skin in every color
TED_667_How young Africans find a voice on Twitter
TED_668_Let’s teach for mastery – not test scores
TED_669_How to raise successful kids-without over-parenting
TED_670_4 reasons to learn a new language
TED_671_ Why do cats act so weird?
TED_672_What is obesity?
TED_673_How to spot a fad diet
TED_674_The beauty of what we’ll never know
TED_675_Does grammar matter?
TED_676_Inside the mind of a master procrastinator
TED_677_Are you a giver or a taker?
TED_678_How to get control of your free time
TED_679_How to get better at the things you care about?
TED_680_ Smelfies, and other experiments in synthetic biology
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